The first reported case of factor V Leiden mutation with agenesis of superior vena cava: A case report.

RATIONALE: Total absence of superior vena cava (ASVC) is a very rare anomaly, and the patient usually suffers from superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) or conduction disturbances. PATIENT CONCERNS: We report a 36-year-old white male, born and living in Brazil, without comorbidities presented to hematologist thrombotic episodes even under anticoagulant therapy. On his first hematologic appointment, he had no active complaints except by the fullness after meals, and his physical examination presented remarkable collateral circulation in the chest. DIAGNOSES: Congenital ASVC associated with factor V Leiden mutation. OUTCOMES: In his magnetic resonance angiography of the thorax, a great amount of collateral circulation and communication of the azygos and hemiazygos veins with inferior vena cava were evident, as well as the absence of the upper cava vein. Furthermore, heterozygous genetic mutation was found for Leiden factor V. LESSONS: This case gives us the lesson that we need to include ASVC in the differential diagnosis of SVCS. The importance of the V-Leiden factor as a joint risk with this congenital defect for venous thromboembolism episodes was also highlighted.

Ética e Profissionalismo nas Redes Sociais: Comportamentos On-Line de Estudantes de Medicina / Ethics and Professionalism in Social Media: The Online Behaviour of Medical Students

RESUMO Novo tipo de relação entre médicos e pacientes vem surgindo após a expansão e abrangência das redes sociais. Assim, é necessário rever aspectos da formação de estudantes de Medicina, além de avaliar os benefícios e riscos da utilização dessas redes, no intuito de preservar a confiança e cumplicidade na relação médico-paciente. Objetivos: Descrever o comportamento on-line de estudantes de Medicina, bem como suas opiniões sobre o uso de redes sociais, além de conhecer aspectos da formação médica sobre ética e profissionalismo. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado em hospitais de ensino de três escolas médicas em Recife (PE) entre 2015 e 2016. Um questionário autoaplicável elaborado pelos pesquisadores foi respondido por 260 estudantes de Medicina dos dois últimos anos do curso (internato). Ao mesmo tempo, os planos de ensino de cada instituição foram analisados separadamente. Os dados obtidos foram analisados por meio dos testes estatísticos Qui-Quadrado de Pearson, teste Exato de Fisher, Kruskal-Wallis e McNemar. Para a parte do questionário do tipo escala Likert foi calculado o ranking médio das respostas dos participantes, assim como o Alpha de Cronbach. O projeto foi submetido à apreciação ética com posterior aprovação e todos os participantes concordaram com o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Resultados: Entre os estudantes, 41,5% (108) afirmaram ter postado fotos ou vídeos mostrando consumo de bebidas alcoólicas ou cigarro e 32,3% (84) postaram fotos ou vídeos com pacientes em rede social. Foi observada diferença estatisticamente significativa (p<0,001) entre as instituições pesquisadas quanto à postagem de fotos ou vídeos com pacientes, uma vez que os estudantes da instituição III relataram menor postagem (14,3% ou 12 participantes). Na análise das respostas dos estudantes das três instituições, foi observada relação de tendência inversa entre "postagem de fotos ou vídeos com pacientes" e "abordagem de profissionalismo on-line na graduação". Na instituição III, onde menor quantidade de estudantes relatou postagens em rede social com pacientes, maior quantidade deles relatou abordagem de questões sobre profissionalismo on-line na graduação (26,2% ou 22 participantes). Entre os pesquisados, 79% (205) concordaram em que certos conteúdos do perfil pessoal do Facebook do médico podem difamar a reputação deste. Em relação à abordagem de questões sobre profissionalismo on-line na graduação médica, 80,8% (210) dos participantes disseram que não tiveram essa abordagem. Na análise dos planos de ensino, apenas a instituição III apresentou um eixo curricular de desenvolvimento profissional e abordagem teórica formal sobre conceitos de ética durante o internato. Conclusão: Um número expressivo de estudantes pesquisados teve comportamentos contrários ao preconizado pelo Código de Ética Médica, resoluções do Conselho Federal de Medicina e guidelines estrangeiras de comportamento em rede social. É possível que a abordagem do profissionalismo e da ética na formação acadêmica tenha repercussão nos comportamentos de estudantes de Medicina na rede social. Estudos que poderiam estabelecer relação de causa e efeito são necessários para confirmar se há relação entre comportamentos on-line de estudantes e abordagem de ética e profissionalismo na graduação. Por fim, observa-se, nas escolas médicas pesquisadas, escassez da abordagem do tema profissionalismo on-line.

ABSTRACT A new type of doctor-patient relationship is emerging due to the widespread use of social media. Therefore, a review of certain aspects of medical education is needed in order to preserve the trust and cooperation of the doctor-patient relationship. Objectives: To describe the online behaviour of medical students, their opinions the use of social media and to understand aspects of undergraduate medical training regarding ethics and professionalism. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with a sample of 260 medical students enrolled in the fifth and sixth years at three medical schools in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. The data were collected between August 2015 and July 2016 at the teaching hospitals of each medical school. This paper reports the results from a structured questionnaire composed by the authors about online ethics and professionalism and answered by the students. The obtained data were analysed by means of the following statistical tests: Pearson's Chi-square, Fisher's exact test, Kruskal-Wallis and McNemar tests. For the Likert scale-type part of the questionnaire average ranking was calculated for student responses. Cronbach Alpha was also calculated. The study was approved by the Ethics on Research Committee. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. In order to ensure the confidentiality of the results, the medical schools had their names omitted. Results: A total of 84 students (32.3%) reported that they had posted pictures or videos with patients and 108 (41.5%) had posted pictures or videos with alcoholic drinks or cigarettes. A statistically significant difference (p<0.001) was found between the three medical schools relative to students posting pictures or videos with patients. The students from institution number III were the least likely to post photos or videos with patients or with alcoholic drinks or cigarettes, according to their answers to the questionnaire. Furthermore, institution number III also had the highest number of students that reported having addressed issues of online professionalism in medical training (26.2%/22). Analysing the three institutions separately an inverse relationship was found between "posting photos or videos with patients" and "online professionalism during undergraduate training". Among those surveyed, 79% (205) agreed that some content published by doctors on Facebook might harm the doctor's reputation. Students reported having had no discussions concerning online professionalism during their undergraduate course in 80.8% of the cases. Analysing the curriculum from the three medical schools, only institution number III was found to offer specific content regarding professional development and formally addressed theories regarding concepts of ethics during the medical residency. Conclusion: When we consider the recommendations found in the Code of Medical Ethics, resolutions published by the Brazilian Federal Medical Council (BFMC), and foreign guidelines, it was evident that a large number of students had posted inappropriate content online. A failure to adequately address ethics and professionalism as part of academic training may well play a part in issues related to the behaviour of medical students on social meda. More research into online behaviour and ethics/professionalism taught as part of undergraduate training is needed to infer causal relationships. Finally, it could be concluded that online professionalism was a topic that was scarcely addressed in the curricula of the surveyed medical schools